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abstract
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As We May Think (lett. "Come potremmo pensare") è un articolo scritto da Vannevar Bush per la rivista The Atlantic Monthly nel luglio 1945 che avviò la riflessione sullo sviluppo di sistemi tecnici ipertestuali. Bush, allora direttore dell'Office of Scientific Research and Development statunitense, sottolineava come l'unità di intenti degli scienziati alleati nella seconda guerra mondiale dovesse essere protratta in tempo di pace. L'ostacolo principale era per Bush il moltiplicarsi delle ricerche nel mentre le materie di studio si fanno sempre più specialistiche, mettendo a rischio l'interdisciplinarità e il dialogo fra scienziati. Come soluzione tecnica al problema, Bush propose di creare una macchina ipertestuale, il Memex, una sorta di scrivania elettromeccanica dotata di un archivio in microfilm che funge da arcaica memoria di massa e permette di immagazzinare pagine di libri e documenti, riprodurli ed associarli gli uni agli altri. Sebbene qualcosa di simile al memex non potrà essere realizzato prima dell'avvento della miniaturizzazione elettronica, l'articolo di Bush avrà un'importanza capitale nello sviluppo dell'informatica e dell'ipertesto. L'influenza di questo articolo è evidente nel lavoro di Douglas Engelbart, che lesse l'articolo al ritorno dalla guerra, dove era stato operatore radar.
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As We May Think - esej Vannevara Busha, opublikowany w "Atlantic Monthly" w lipcu 1945 roku, w którym autor argumentował, ze po zakończeniu wojny należy podjąć naukowe wysiłki do znacznego zwiększenia fizycznych możliwości dotarcia do całej zgromadzonej uprzednio wiedzy. Artykuł opisywał hipotetyczne urządzenie, podobne w pewnych szczegółach do rozwiązań w dzisiejszej World Wide Web, ale z propozycjami, które do dzisiaj nie zostały w pełni poprawnie rozwiązane. System o nazwie memex był oparty na technikach, które wówczas były jeszcze w dużej mierze przyszłością, jak wysokiej rozdzielczości mikrofilmy, taśmy, ekrany, kamery, wszystko połączone elektromechanicznymi urządzeniami sterującymi. Po artykule w "Atlantic Monthly" ukazał się w listopadzie tego samego roku artykuł w "Life magazine", który zawierał ilustracje pulpitu urządzenia.
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As We May Think er en artikkel skrevet av Vannevar Bush, først publisert i The Atlantic Monthly i juli 1945. Artikkelen er sentral i hypertekstens historie. Artikkelen skisserer hvordan Bush mente akademisk arbeidskapasitet burde utnyttes i tiden etter andre verdenskrig, når denne ressursen ikke lenger ville være bundet opp til å fremme militære interesser. Den fremholder at forskningsinnsatsen burde rettes mot å skaffe til veie mer effektive måter å lagre og innhente kunnskap på, for på denne måten å gjøre kunnskapen mer tilgjengelig.
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abstract
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As We May Think este un eseu scris de Vannevar Bush, publicat în The Atlantic Monthly in iulie 1945. Eseul a prezis tehnici noi, inclusiv hipertext, computer personal, Internet, World Wide Web, recunoaştere vocală, şi enciclopedii online precum Wikipedia.
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As We May Think is an essay by Vannevar Bush, first published in The Atlantic Monthly in July 1945. Bush argued that as humans stopped warring, scientific efforts should change from increasing physical abilities to making all previous collected human knowledge more accessible. The article was a reworked and expanded version of his 1939 essay Mechanization and the Record. He proposed a system, which he called memex. It was based on what was thought, at the time, to be advanced technology of the future: Ultra high resolution microfilm reels, coupled to multiple screen viewers and cameras, by electromechanical controls. The Atlantic Monthly article was followed, in the September 10, 1945, issue of Life magazine, by a reprint that showed illustrations of the proposed memex desk and automatic typewriter. (Coincidentally, the same issue of Life contained aerial photos of Hiroshima after the dropping of the atomic bomb, a project Bush was instrumental in starting) As We May Think predicted (to some extent) many kinds of technology invented after its publication, including hypertext, personal computers, the Internet, the World Wide Web, speech recognition, and online encyclopedias such as Wikipedia: "Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified. " At the same time, a reader now will be surprised how little some technologies have actually advanced since As We May Think was published during 1945. It is true that, for instance, storage has greatly surpassed the level imagined by Vannevar Bush, who wrote: "The Encyclopedia Britannica could be reduced to the volume of a matchbox. A library of a million volumes could be compressed into one end of a desk". However, technologies such as speech recognition and associative ways of indexing information are largely underdeveloped and most individuals are interacting with computers in non-natural ways, adapting to technology instead of having technology adapt to users. Automated speech recognition was possible at that time already, but is still rarely used to type texts or operate computers. Indexing of information at the time is described by Bush as being artificial: "When data of any sort are placed in storage, they are filed alphabetically or numerically, and information is found (when it is) by tracing it down from subclass to subclass. It can be in only one place, unless duplicates are used". This description resembles popular file systems of modern computer operating systems, which do not easily enable associative indexing as imagined by Bush.
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As We May Think ist ein Essay des amerikanischen Ingenieurs Vannevar Bush, der 1945 in der Zeitschrift Atlantic Monthly publiziert wurde. Bush entwirft darin das Konzept der universalen Wissensmaschine Memex (Abkürzung für Memory Extender), die als Vorläufer von Personal Computer und Hypertext gilt. Parallel mit As We May Think veröffentlichte Bush einen Bericht an den amerikanischen Präsidenten („Science – The Endless Frontier“), der die staatlich geförderte Vernetzung von Wissenschaft, Industrie und Militär empfiehlt.
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O ensaio As We May Think de Vannevar Bush, primeiro publicado em The Atlantic Monthly em julho de 1945, argumentava que enquanto os humanos iriam virando as costas para a guerra, esforços científicos deveriam variar do aumento de habilidades físicas para fazer todo o conhecimento humano previamente coletado mais acessível. O artigo foi uma versão retrabalhada e expandida do seu "Mechanization and the Record" de 1939. O sistema, o qual ele chamou de memex, foi descrito como baseado no que se pensava, na época, seria a onda do futuro: rolos de microfilmes de resolucao ultra-alta, junto com multiplos visualizadores de telas e cameras, através de controles eletromecânicos. O artigo de "The Atlantic Monthly" foi seguido, em novembro de 1945, por um artigo da revista "Time" que mostrava ilustrações da proposta area de trabalho e máquina de escrever automática do memex. Seu artigo descreve algo em muitas maneiras semelhantes à World Wide Web. "As We May Think" - Uma Celebração da visão de Vannevar Bush em 1945, na Universidade de Brown
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abstract
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« As We May Think » (en français, « Comment nous pourrions penser ») est un article écrit par Vannevar Bush, et publié pour la première fois dans Atlantic Monthly en juillet 1945. Il développe l'idée que la recherche scientifique doit, au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, se consacrer à améliorer les moyens matériels permettant l'accès à toute la connaissance humaine. L'article de Bush décrit quelque chose qui ressemble beaucoup au World Wide Web d'aujourd'hui (en fait, certains mécanismes imaginés par Vannevar Bush ne sont toujours pas aisément réalisables). En effet, il annonce ce que sera la navigation par lien hypertexte. Le système, appelé Memex, était basé sur ce qu'il pensait être la technologie d'avenir : les microfilms à ultra haute-résolution, couplés avec des écrans et des caméras pilotés par des contrôleurs électromécaniques.
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http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/flickrwrappr/photos/As_We_May_Think
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reference
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http://graphics.cs.brown.edu/html/info/vannevar_bush.html
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reference
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http://www.cs.sfu.ca/CC/365/mark/material/notes/Chap1/VBushArticle/
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reference
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http://www.ps.uni-sb.de/~duchier/pub/vbush/vbush-all.shtml
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reference
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http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush
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type
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http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/1945Works
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essay
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comment
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As We May Think (lett. "Come potremmo pensare") è un articolo scritto da Vannevar Bush per la rivista The Atlantic Monthly nel luglio 1945 che avviò la riflessione sullo sviluppo di sistemi tecnici ipertestuali. Bush, allora direttore dell'Office of Scientific Research and Development statunitense, sottolineava come l'unità di intenti degli scienziati alleati nella seconda guerra mondiale dovesse essere protratta in tempo di pace.
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comment
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As We May Think - esej Vannevara Busha, opublikowany w "Atlantic Monthly" w lipcu 1945 roku, w którym autor argumentował, ze po zakończeniu wojny należy podjąć naukowe wysiłki do znacznego zwiększenia fizycznych możliwości dotarcia do całej zgromadzonej uprzednio wiedzy. Artykuł opisywał hipotetyczne urządzenie, podobne w pewnych szczegółach do rozwiązań w dzisiejszej World Wide Web, ale z propozycjami, które do dzisiaj nie zostały w pełni poprawnie rozwiązane.
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G2
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comment
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As We May Think er en artikkel skrevet av Vannevar Bush, først publisert i The Atlantic Monthly i juli 1945. Artikkelen er sentral i hypertekstens historie. Artikkelen skisserer hvordan Bush mente akademisk arbeidskapasitet burde utnyttes i tiden etter andre verdenskrig, når denne ressursen ikke lenger ville være bundet opp til å fremme militære interesser.
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comment
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As We May Think este un eseu scris de Vannevar Bush, publicat în The Atlantic Monthly in iulie 1945. Eseul a prezis tehnici noi, inclusiv hipertext, computer personal, Internet, World Wide Web, recunoaştere vocală, şi enciclopedii online precum Wikipedia.
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comment
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As We May Think is an essay by Vannevar Bush, first published in The Atlantic Monthly in July 1945. Bush argued that as humans stopped warring, scientific efforts should change from increasing physical abilities to making all previous collected human knowledge more accessible. The article was a reworked and expanded version of his 1939 essay Mechanization and the Record. He proposed a system, which he called memex.
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G2
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comment
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As We May Think ist ein Essay des amerikanischen Ingenieurs Vannevar Bush, der 1945 in der Zeitschrift Atlantic Monthly publiziert wurde. Bush entwirft darin das Konzept der universalen Wissensmaschine Memex (Abkürzung für Memory Extender), die als Vorläufer von Personal Computer und Hypertext gilt.
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G2
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comment
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O ensaio As We May Think de Vannevar Bush, primeiro publicado em The Atlantic Monthly em julho de 1945, argumentava que enquanto os humanos iriam virando as costas para a guerra, esforços científicos deveriam variar do aumento de habilidades físicas para fazer todo o conhecimento humano previamente coletado mais acessível. O artigo foi uma versão retrabalhada e expandida do seu "Mechanization and the Record" de 1939.
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G2
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comment
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« As We May Think » (en français, « Comment nous pourrions penser ») est un article écrit par Vannevar Bush, et publié pour la première fois dans Atlantic Monthly en juillet 1945. Il développe l'idée que la recherche scientifique doit, au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, se consacrer à améliorer les moyens matériels permettant l'accès à toute la connaissance humaine.
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label
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As We May Think
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sameAs
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http://umbel.org/umbel/ne/wikipedia/As_We_May_Think
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:1945_works
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subject
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Essays
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Futurology
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:History_of_computing
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Human-computer_interaction
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Hypertext
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Internet_history
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Library and information science
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:New_encyclopedism
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sourceURL
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As We May Think
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page
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_We_May_Think
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is
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/AsWeMayThink
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redirect
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/As_We_May_Think_by_Vannevar_Bush
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http://mpii.de/yago/resource/As_We_May_Think
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